It only takes a minute to sign up. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. These are for cases where you know that the directory contains only regular files and that you want to process all non-hidden files.
If that is not the case, use the approaches in 2. All sed solutions in this answer assume GNU sed. Also note that the use of the -i switch with any version of sed has certain filesystem security implications and is inadvisable in any script which you plan to distribute in any way. Bash can't check directly for regular files, a loop is needed braces avoid setting the options globally :.
The -- serves to tell sed that no more flags will be given in the command line. This is useful to protect against file names starting with -.
If a file is of a certain type, for example, executable see man find for more options :. Replace foo with bar only if there is a baz later on the same line:. There are many variations of this theme, to learn more about such regular expressions, see here. Replace foo with bar only if foo is found on the 3d column field of the input file assuming whitespace-separated fields :. For a different field separator : in this example use:.
NOTE: both the awk and perl solutions will affect spacing in the file remove the leading and trailing blanks, and convert sequences of blanks to one space character in those lines that match. If you have a large number of patterns, it is easier to save your patterns and their replacements in a sed script file:. That will be quite slow for long lists of patterns and large data files so you might want to read the patterns and create a sed script from them instead.
The method is very general though: basically, if you can create an output stream which looks like a sed script, then you can source that stream as a sed script by specifying sed 's script file as - stdin. When working with fixed-strings as patterns, it is good practice to escape regular expression metacharacters. You can do this rather easily:. A good r e pl acement Linux tool is rpl , that was originally written for the Debian project, so it is available with apt-get install rpl in any Debian derived distro, and may be for others, but otherwise you can download the tar.
Note that if the string contains spaces it should be enclosed in quotation marks. By default rpl takes care of capital letters but not of complete words , but you can change these defaults with options -i ignore case and -w whole words. We have samples for Shell Script, Perl, and Python. See sample scripts below. We provide support for wget, linux shell script, Perl, and Python.
When recursively downloading entire directories of files, wget will likely require the least amount of code to run. To use these, click "Download source" to download or copy and paste the code into a file with an extension reflecting the programming language.
Be sure the Unix execute permissions are set for the file. Bear in mind that RFC defines no standard way to get a file list, let alone the time-stamps. We can only hope that a future standard will define this. Another non-standard solution includes the use of MDTM command that is supported by some FTP servers including the popular wu-ftpd , which returns the exact time of the specified file.
Wget may support this command in the future. Once you know how to change default settings of Wget through command line arguments, you may wish to make some of those settings permanent. You can do that in a convenient way by creating the Wget startup file—.
You can find. Failing that, no further attempts will be made. Fascist admins, away! The variable will also be called command. Valid values are different for different commands. The commands are case-, underscore- and minus-insensitive. Commands that expect a comma-separated list will clear the list on an empty command. So, if you wish to reset the rejection list specified in global wgetrc , you can do it with:. The complete set of commands is listed below.
Some commands take pseudo-arbitrary values. Most of these commands have direct command-line equivalents. If this option is given, Wget will send Basic HTTP authentication information plaintext username and password for all requests.
Use up to number backups for a file. Set the certificate authority bundle file to file. Set the directory used for certificate authorities. Set the client certificate file name to file. If this is set to off, the server certificate is not checked against the specified client authorities.
If set to on, force continuation of preexistent partially retrieved files. Ignore n remote directory components. With dot settings you can tailor the dot retrieval to suit your needs, or you can use the predefined styles see Download Options.
Specify the number of dots that will be printed in each line throughout the retrieval 50 by default. Use string as the EGD socket file name. Set your FTP password to string. Choose the compression type to be used. Turn the keep-alive feature on or off defaults to on. Force connecting to IPv4 addresses, off by default. Available only if Wget was compiled with IPv6 support. Force connecting to IPv6 addresses, off by default.
Limit the download speed to no more than rate bytes per second. Load cookies from file. Use string as the comma-separated list of domains to avoid in proxy loading, instead of the one specified in environment. Set the private key file to file. Set the type of the progress indicator. When set, use the protocol name as a directory component of local file names. Specify the download quota, which is useful to put in the global wgetrc. When download quota is specified, Wget will stop retrieving after the download sum has become greater than quota.
Turn random between-request wait times on or off. If set to on, remove FTP listings downloaded by Wget. Restrict the file names generated by Wget from URLs. See Robot Exclusion , for more details about this. Be sure you know what you are doing before turning this off. Save cookies to file. Note that this is turned on by default in the global wgetrc. This is the sample initialization file, as given in the distribution. Be careful about the things you change. Note that almost all the lines are commented out.
The ampersand at the end of the line makes sure that Wget works in the background. The HTML page will be saved to www. More verbose, but the effect is the same. Note, however, that this usage is not advisable on multi-user systems because it reveals your password to anyone who looks at the output of ps.
You can also combine the two options and make pipelines to retrieve the documents from remote hotlists:. Proxies are special-purpose HTTP servers designed to transfer data from remote servers to local clients. One typical use of proxies is lightening network load for users behind a slow connection.
When a cached resource is requested again, proxy will return the data from cache. Another use for proxies is for companies that separate for security reasons their internal networks from the rest of Internet. In order to obtain information from the Web, their users connect and retrieve remote data using an authorized proxy.
The standard way to specify proxy location, which Wget recognizes, is using the following environment variables:. This variable should contain a comma-separated list of domain extensions proxy should not be used for. In addition to the environment variables, proxy location and settings may be specified from within Wget itself. This option and the corresponding command may be used to suppress the use of proxy, even if the appropriate environment variables are set.
These startup file variables allow you to override the proxy settings specified by the environment. Some proxy servers require authorization to enable you to use them. The authorization consists of username and password , which must be sent by Wget. As with HTTP authorization, several authentication schemes exist. For proxy authorization only the Basic authentication scheme is currently implemented.
You may specify your username and password either through the proxy URL or through the command-line options. For example, Wget 1. The primary mailinglist for discussion, bug-reports, or questions about GNU Wget is at bug-wget gnu. To subscribe, send an email to bug-wget-join gnu. You do not need to subscribe to send a message to the list; however, please note that unsubscribed messages are moderated, and may take a while before they hit the list— usually around a day.
If you want your message to show up immediately, please subscribe to the list before posting. Note that the Gmane archives conveniently include messages from both the current list, and the previous one. Previously, the mailing list wget sunsite. Messages from wget-patches sunsite. In addition to the mailinglists, we also have a support channel set up via IRC at irc. Come check it out! Also, while I will probably be interested to know the contents of your.
Instead, you should first try to see if the bug repeats with. Only if it turns out that. Note: please make sure to remove any potentially sensitive information from the debug log before sending it to the bug address. Since the bug address is publicly archived, you may assume that all bug reports are visible to the public. Some of those systems are no longer in widespread use and may not be able to support recent versions of Wget.
If Wget fails to compile on your system, we would like to know about it. Thanks to kind contributors, this version of Wget compiles and works on bit Microsoft Windows platforms. Naturally, it is crippled of some features available on Unix, but it should work as a substitute for people stuck with Windows. Note that Windows-specific portions of Wget are not guaranteed to be supported in the future, although this has been the case in practice for many years now.
All questions and problems in Windows usage should be reported to Wget mailing list at wget sunsite. If the output was on standard output, it will be redirected to a file named wget-log. This is convenient when you wish to redirect the output of Wget after having started it. Other than that, Wget will not try to interfere with signals in any way. It is extremely easy to make Wget wander aimlessly around a web site, sucking all the available data in progress. Not for the server admin.
The script is slow, but works well enough for human users viewing an occasional Info file. To avoid this kind of accident, as well as to preserve privacy for documents that need to be protected from well-behaved robots, the concept of robot exclusion was invented.
The idea is that the server administrators and document authors can specify which portions of the site they wish to protect from robots and those they will permit access. It specifies the format of a text file containing directives that instruct the robots which URL paths to avoid. Because of that, Wget honors RES when downloading recursively. For instance, when you issue:.
The second, less known mechanism, enables the author of an individual document to specify whether they want the links from the file to be followed by a robot. This is achieved using the META tag, like this:. You can achieve the same effect from the command line using the -e switch, e. When using Wget, you must be aware that it sends unencrypted passwords through the network, which may present a security problem. Here are the main issues, and some solutions.
Rozycki, Edward J. Apologies to all who I accidentally left out, and many thanks to all the subscribers of the Wget mailing list. The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document free in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
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Input the text console. For more details, Pattern Matching and Rules. Skip to content. Star 9. MIT License. Branches Tags. Could not load branches. Could not load tags. Latest commit. Git stats 10, commits.
Failed to load latest commit information. Tokenization is the task of splitting a text into meaningful segments, called tokens. The input to the tokenizer is a unicode text, and the output is a Doc object. To construct a Doc object, you need a Vocab instance, a sequence of word strings, and optionally a sequence of spaces booleans, which allow you to maintain alignment of the tokens into the original string.
During processing, spaCy first tokenizes the text, i. This is done by applying rules specific to each language. Each Doc consists of individual tokens, and we can iterate over them:. First, the raw text is split on whitespace characters, similar to text. Then, the tokenizer processes the text from left to right. On each substring, it performs two checks:. Does the substring match a tokenizer exception rule?
Can a prefix, suffix or infix be split off? For example punctuation like commas, periods, hyphens or quotes. This way, spaCy can split complex, nested tokens like combinations of abbreviations and multiple punctuation marks.
While punctuation rules are usually pretty general, tokenizer exceptions strongly depend on the specifics of the individual language. This is why each available language has its own subclass, like English or German , that loads in lists of hard-coded data and exception rules. After consuming a prefix or suffix, we consult the special cases again. We do this by splitting off the open bracket, then the exclamation, then the closed bracket, and finally matching the special case.
Most domains have at least some idiosyncrasies that require custom tokenization rules. This could be very certain expressions, or abbreviations only used in this specific field.
The tokenizer will incrementally split off punctuation, and keep looking up the remaining substring. The special case rules also have precedence over the punctuation splitting. A working implementation of the pseudo-code above is available for debugging as nlp.
It returns a list of tuples showing which tokenizer rule or pattern was matched for each token. The tokens produced are identical to nlp.
There are six things you may need to define:. Standard usage is to use re. Sometimes you just want to add another character to the prefixes, suffixes or infixes. The Tokenizer. Usually we use the. The prefix, infix and suffix rule sets include not only individual characters but also detailed regular expressions that take the surrounding context into account.
For example, there is a regular expression that treats a hyphen between letters as an infix. This is because it has a different signature from all the other components: it takes a text and returns a Doc , whereas all other components expect to already receive a tokenized Doc. To overwrite the existing tokenizer, you need to replace nlp. It takes the shared vocab, so it can construct Doc objects. We can then overwrite the nlp.
You can use the same approach to plug in any other third-party tokenizers. Your custom callable just needs to return a Doc object with the tokens produced by your tokenizer. In this example, the wrapper uses the BERT word piece tokenizer , provided by the tokenizers library. The tokens available in the Doc object returned by spaCy now match the exact word pieces produced by the tokenizer. The [nlp.
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