Cyanogen periodically also releases test kernels between different builds in order to test new performance tweaks or fix some bug in the current version.
You can find test kernels from Cyanogen on CyanogenMod. We can also generalize. Please note that we do not recommend this guide for novice users as complete and stable CyanogenMod Releases has pre-integrated kernels.
Android Test Station. Test Framework. VTS Dashboard. Lab Infrastructure. Getting Started. Testing with TF. Through Tradefed. Through Suite. Developing TF. XML Configuration. Global Configuration. Advanced Concepts. Device Manager. Device setup. Evaluating Performance. Feature Implementation. Dynamic Partitions.
Long-term stable kernels After a year of this new stable release process, it was determined that many different users of Linux wanted a kernel to be supported for longer than just a few months.
Stable kernel patch rules The rules for what can be added to a stable kernel release have remained almost identical since its introduction and are summarized below: Must be obviously correct and tested. Must not be bigger than lines.
Must fix only one thing. Must fix something that has been reported to be an issue. Can be a new device id or quirk for hardware, but not add major new functionality. Must already be merged into Linus Torvalds' tree. Kernel updates The Linux kernel community has promised its userbase that no upgrade will ever break anything that is currently working in a previous release. Security When doing kernel releases, the Linux kernel community almost never declares specific changes as security fixes.
Therefore kernels that were designed for Android 10, like android Starting with Android 12, there will be fewer feature kernels than launch kernels to limit the number of stable KMIs that must be supported. Common kernel hierarchy Branching from android-mainline The top level of the common kernel hierarchy is shown in Figure 1. Notice that the new Android common kernel android In , when the next LTS is declared, android As shown in Figure 1, each kernel version is the basis for two KMI kernels.
For example, the two v5. This will be the case for 5. To clarify the development process and branch lifecycle, Figure 2 focuses on the KMI branches for 5. Each KMI branch cycles through three phases indicated in Figure 2 by different colors in each branch.
As shown, LTS is regularly merged regardless of the phase. When it's created, a KMI branch enters the development phase dev in Figure 2 , and is open for feature contributions for the next Android platform release. In Figure 2, android The second KMI branch for a kernel version might be created earlier to allow for development of the subsequent release.
When the KMI branch is declared feature complete, it enters the stabilization phase , labeled as stab in Figure 2. Partner features and bug fixes are still accepted, but KMI tracking is enabled to detect any changes that affect the interface. This means that no KMI-breaking changes are accepted unless a serious security issue is identified that can't be mitigated without affecting the stable KMI.
When a KMI branch is frozen, bug fixes and partner features can be accepted as long as the existing KMI common kernel isn't broken. The KMI can be extended with new exported symbols as long as the interfaces comprising the current KMI aren't affected.
When new interfaces are added to the KMI, they immediately become stable and can't be broken by future changes. For example, a change that adds a field to a structure used by a KMI interface common kernel isn't allowed because it changes the interface definition:. For the lifetime of the KMI kernel, backward compatibility with userspace is maintained so that the kernel can safely be used for the Android platform release the device was launched with.
Continuous testing with previous releases ensures that compatibility is maintained. So in Figure 2, the android Because the Android platform release is also compatible with previous versions, the android When entering the frozen phase, the branch is git-tagged with the KMI version string containing the KMI generation number. For example, when android If there is a security issue or other event that requires a KMI-changing patch to be accepted, the KMI generation number is incremented and the branch retagged.
For example, if such a change is accepted into android The current KMI generation can be found using the uname command:. If the KMI generation changes, the kernel isn't compatible with vendor modules that conform to the previous KMI generation, so the modules must be rebuilt and updated synchronously with the kernel.
KMI generation changes are expected to be very rare. The compatibility requirements between kernels in the same LTS family are changing beginning with the new KMI kernels. The new KMI kernels maintain backward compatibility with all Android platform releases that supported the kernel version.
Additionally, the Android platform releases are backward-compatible with KMI kernels from previous releases. So you can safely use the android The KMI is stable so that the kernel can be updated without requiring a rebuild of kernel modules in the vendor image. So, for example, an android KMI kernels are supported for their initial and subsequent releases only.
They aren't supported for older releases. So an android Therefore, a device launched with Android 10 using a kernel based on android Install heimdall if you want to flash the kernel automatically.
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